During the 1800’s, the city of Chicago underwent extraordinary growth. Many attribute this growth in large part to the I and M Canal.  It certainly helped to establish the city as a major economic center.

However, the population growth was not without problems.  For some time, the Chicago River literally served as the city’s sewer.  It’s location close to Lake Michigan and the flatness of the land created a situation in which the lake water supply was subject to contamination.  In 1854, Chicago experienced a cholera epidemic

In response to this epidemic, the Illinois State Legislature created the Chicago Board of Sewerage Comissioners in 1855. The Board hired Ellis Chesbrough to develop a new plan for the city water and sewage systems.  His plan provided for re-structuring of the sewer system.  Tunnels were created that extended two miles in the lake.  Water was pumped through these tunnels into the city.  While innovative, these measures did not solve the basic problem of lake contamination.

At the time, many individuals proposed using the old I and M Canal as a means of handling the city sewage problem.  The canal ran from the south branch of the Chicago River to the Illinois River in LaSalle. The problem with this plan was that modifications would be needed. Specifically, the Summit division had to be deepened to effect a reversal of flow in the Chicago River. Lake Michigan water would then wash sewage downstream. This project was approved by the state legislature in 1865.

There were two ironies about this project.  1)The so called “deep cut” was the original design plan for the Summit division.  It had to be abandoned in favor of the “shallow cut”because of cost.  2) The chief engineer of the I and M Canal William Gooding was hired as a consultant on the re design project.

The deepening project took a total of six years.  It successfully produced somewhat inconsistent reversal of the flow in the Chicago River.   It soon became evident that the canal could not handle the volume of the sewage. It was hampered by flooding in the DesPlaines River.  A temporary measure was re-activation of the Bridgeport Pumping Station in 1884.  By this method, extra water was pumped into the canal to help flush sewage downstream. This measure also proved inadequate.

Because of the failure of the I and M Canal to solve the sewage problem, the Commission on Drainage and Water Supply was established in 1886.  This body made  three proposals. 1) continue discharging sewage in the lake; obtain Lake Michigan water north of Evanston, Illinois. 2) dispose of sewage on land. 3) dispose of sewage in the DesPlaines River.

In 1889, the Illinois legislature. established the Sanitary District. This entity had the authority to build drainage canals; build and maintain docks; control and create water power.  In 1889, voters approved the Chicago Sanitary District.

Requirements for the drainage canal were that was of sufficient size to maintain a flow of not less than 80,000 cu. feet/ minute.  Depth not less than 14 feet. The channels, intercepting sewers and pumping stations were based on the dilution method of sanitation.

 

 

By 1892, the board of the Sanitary District settled a route for the canal and began taking bids.  The project was described as follows:  Push the DesPlaines River to the west side of the valley.   Dig a new drainage canal from the Chicago River to the DesPlaines River at Lockport.  Reverse the flow of the Chicago River away from Lake Michigan.  Build new sewers along the lakefront to carry their discharge into the canal.   A side project was to build a new 13 mild channel for the DesPlaines River.

The project was massive and required removing tons of rock along the course of the canal.  The original project was called the main channel   It was 33.9 miles. Construction lasted from 1892–1900.   The second part of the project was called the main channel extension and went from Lockport to Joliet.   It added 4 miles to the canal.  Construction lasted from 1902–1907.  Besides being used as a sewage canal, the canal became part of the Illinois Waterway.  It established a water route from Chicago to the Mississippi River via the Illinois River.

A branch of the canal was the Cal Sag Waterway from the Calumet River to  the Chicago sanitary and Ship Canal.  This was constructed in 1911-1922.

Over the years, the role of the canal as a conduit began the process of slow ending as sewage plants were built in Chicago.

 

 

 

Map of the location of Lock 13

      Not much is known about Lock 13.  If it was constructed like other locks on the canal, it was probably 110 feet long by 18 feet wide.   The walls were likely made of limestone. The gates were likely timber.    Sources state that the lift was 6.4 feet.  The lock was located in the Utica area near the Blackball limestone mines.

 

This is the title of a book written by David Youngquist in the 2008.  It chronicles a series of unexplained events that have occurred in the areas adjacent to the Illinois Michigan Canal and the Hennepin Canal.  Very few of these stories actually take place in close proximity to the waterways.   These include the Princeton bridge across the Hennepin Canal; in the Milan area adjacent to the Hennepin Canal; in the railroad tunnel at Split Rock (I and M  Canal); in the Buffalo Rock area ( I an M  Canal).   Curiously there are no stories in the areas adjacent to the Cal Sag Canal or the Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal.

I found the book interesting for the most part.

 

One of the most successful business men in Morris in the 1800’s was Louis Gebhard.  He was born in Bavaria Bayen Germany in 1833.  He immigrated to the United States in 1851.  He arrived in New York aboard the ship Splendid.  Eventually, he located in the Morris area. 

     He established a brewery in 1866.  The first building was one and one half stories and was made of brick.  It was located on Washington Street near Nettle Creek. The business remained at this location until 1896.  Because of the success of the brewery, an expansion was necessary.

     He erected a a multi-story brick and steel brewing house. There was a large brewing room.  Grain was processed in the upper floors.  Approximately 10 years later, a brick and steel addition was made to the north side of the brew  house.

Gebhard Brewery
    At the same time, a 2 and one half story brick and timber building was constructed.  . This served at the bottling plant. 

Gebhard Bottling Building
     Louis Gebhard was succeeded in the business by his son William.   He diversified his holdings by getting into the construction business.  His organization built homes and commercial properties in Morris.  It became one of the leaders in the area.

     The brewery ultimately closed during Prohibition.  Machinery was dismantled and sold.  The brew house stood vacant for years.  For a time it was used as a flour mill. It was known as Morris Milling and later Brown Mill.  It is currently abandoned.

     The bottling building was at a time used by Lindsey Light and Chemical Company and the American Wick Company.  It is currently abandoned.

     Remnants of hydraulic cement company in Utica, Illinois

  Black ball mines kiln for manufacture of hydraulic cement.    

     One may wonder why a blog dedicated to the I and M Canal would have an entry about hydraulic cement.  What is hydraulic cement?  Simply stated, it is a type of cement t that hardens after contact with water.  There are actually multiple type of this cement based on ingredients and method of manufacture.

     1) Portland cement is probably the most common.  It is produced by heating clay and limestone.  The mixture is broken down to a powder both before and after heating.  The name Portland is based on the hardened cement resemblance to a stone found on an island off the coast of England.

     2) Natural cement.  This is produced by heating limestone or magnesium limestone.  There is no crushing before heating.  No additional ingredients are added.  After the heating process, the mixture crushed and pulverized.  In Europe, limestone is used.    This is called Roman cement. In the U.S., magnesium limestone is used.  This is called Rosendale Cement.

     Pozzuolana is a combination of silica, alumina mixed with lime.  When this is made into mortar, it behaves as hydraulic cement.   Originally, it was found in Possuoli,Italy.  

     There is a volcanic earth that resembles Pozzuoluna.  It is called Grass.  It is found along the Rhine River and in Holland.

      The construction of the Erie Canal in New York marked a turning point in the history of canal construction in the United States.  This project took place between 1817–1825.  To begin with the length of the canal was extraordinary for the time period.   Also, many innovations developed during the project were used in future projects.  

     One of the engineers hired for the canal was Canvass White.   He was a very intelligent and resourceful individual.  Before construction started, he took it upon himself to travel to England and study their canal systems.  While there he learned much about hydraulic cement.  This was used in the construction of their locks.

     When he returned home to New York, he searched and found a deposit of rock near Chittenango (New York).  This rock when heated and pulverized produced hydraulic cement. White patented the process for producing the cement. In the area, he and his brother set up a plant to produce hydraulic cement for the Erie Canal.   This was used in the manufacture of locks, aqueducts, and piers for bridges.  It was also used on locks in the Middlesex Canal an the C and O Canal.

     Now we fast forward to the period of 1836-1848.  It was during this time that the canal between the Chicago River in Chicago to the Illinois River in LaSalle was being constructed.   This canal ultimately had 15 locks constructed with limestone blocks.  Hydraulic cement was used as the mortar substance.  There were aqueducts at Nettle Creek in Morris, Aux Sable Creek in Aux Sable, Fox River in Ottawa, and Little Vermilion River in LaSalle.  The piers of these structures were made with limestone cemented with hydraulic cement.  The piers of the bridges were made of limestone cemented with hydraulic cement.

     The builders of the I and M Canal were fortunate that naturally occurring raw materials were found in the area.  Limestone was discovered  in Utica during construction in 1837.  

     In 1838, Norton and Steele built their hydraulic cement mill in the Utica area.  They supplied the I and M Canal from 1838 to 1842.  Their operations were bought out by James Clark.   This individual was also responsible for the founding of the Black ball Mines and Mill along the Pecumsaugen Creek near Utica.   Clark and Sons were in operation from 1845–1883.  They moved the mill to Washington Street in 1889.  They operated here as the Utica Hydraulic Cement Company until 1947.

Joliet was known for it’s limestone quarries, it’s steel mills, and it’s numerous railroads. A lesser known but a very successful business for years was wallpaper manufacturing.  In the 1900’s, Joliet was a leading manufacturer in this business.  

     Many might wonder why wallpaper manufacturing would flourish in the Joliet area.  There were a number of reasons for this:1) it was near many large markets; 2) there was a large labor pool; 3) there was a well established transportation net.  This included railroads, water (I and M Canal, Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal), and highways.

     The paper was shipped from Maine, Michigan and Wisconsin.  The clay used for mixing colors was shipped from Georgia. 

     At one time, there were 6 separate wall paper companies in Joliet.  They were:  Star Peerless Wall Paper Company, Joliet Wall Paper Mills, Lennon Wall Paper Company, Midwest Wall Paper Mills, Superior Wall Paper Company, and the United Wall Paper Factory.  

     The first company was Star Peerless. It began in 1907.  It’s founder was Frank Kelley.  He originally had an operation in Chicago.  He moved to Joliet as a cost saving measure.  He originally set up a wall paper machine in a loft.  He eventually built a plant on Maple Street.  His company was very successful.

     The next company to open in Joliet was Joliet Wall Paper Mills.  It incorporated in 1914. The original president was Charles Nowell.  The plant was located on  4 acre site.  It had 150 employees. The plant was 240 X 550 feet.

Mount Joliet

     A striking example of the negative effects of human activity on nature is the history of Mount Joliet.  This hill like area was variously known as Mount Juliet, Mount Joliet, Mound Juliet or Mount Joliet.  

     This hill was located in the area between I 80 and US 6 south of Joliet near the DesPlaines River. It was 450 yards long and 60 feet high. It was created by the activity of the Wisconsin Glacier.  It was composed of clay and gravel.   Native Americans inhabited the Mount for hundreds of years.  In the 1670’s, Marquette and Joliet discovered this site and camped there.  French Canadiens voyageurs used this as a landmark for their travels    Starting before the Civil War, a company named Joliet Mound Drainage Tile Company began a quarrying operation on the Mound for its clay and gravel.   The company manufactured tiles and sewer pipes.  The gravel was used for fill and railroad ballast.  These products were shipped on the I and M Canal.  

The quarrying operation ended in 1912.  The gravel and clay were depleted.  The site of the Mound was now an area of depression.   The local historical society placed a marker near this site at Larkin and Mound Street in Joliet.

Joliet Mound Drain Tile Company

    

Picture of young William Gooding

Any history of the Illinois Michigan Canal w0uld be incomplete without considering William Gooding, the chief engineer of the project.

     Mr. Gooding was born in Bristol, Ontario County, New York on April 1, 1803. His father was James Gooding originally from Massachusetts. He moved to western New York.  Young William’s education was in public schools and with tutors.  He had no formal education in engineering.  For a while, he worked on his father’s farm.  

     In 1826, he left for Canada.  He secured a job as an apprentice under Alfred Barrett.  The project was the first Welland Canal.  It was a somewhat primitive canal made with wood.  He returned to New York for a short spell managing a store.  It apparently was not a satisfying job.  2 years later he was working as an engineer on the Wabash and Erie Canal. In 1832, he married his wife Ann Marie.  The next year, he left with his wife and infant son Edward for the area around Lockport, Il.  He joined his father and brothers there.

Elderly William Gooding

        His next position was in 1834.  He was hired to head a group of engineers to plot a survey for the Whitewater Canal from Wayne County Indiana to the Ohio River. He also worked on a survey to extend Wabash and Erie Canal.

     in 1836, he received the job as chief engineer of the Illinois Michigan Canal.  It should be noted that none of the engineers working on canals during this era had formal education.  It was all on the job experience.  These individuals all pretty much new each other.

     As chief engineer, Gooding was responsible for setting the specifications of the canal itself as well as for the locks. He determined their placement.  He supervised the work of the various independent contractors.  He was also responsible for reporting problems and progression of the canal project to the board of comissioners.

     When the original plan for the deep cut of the Summit Division had to be dropped due to cost concern, it was Gooding that developed the alternative of the shallow cut.  This new plan involved the addition of 2 locks and the addition of feeder canals.

     He laid out west Lockport. He had the canal towns of LaSalle, Morris, and Channahon surveyed.  He was responsible for the construction of a mill in Lockport in 1836.

       Gooding was particularly interested in the potential of water power specifically between Lockport and Joliet.  There was a substantial drop in the land levels between these two points.   If the canal had been constructed as originally designed, the potential for hydraulic power would have been greater than it was.

     The period between 1838–1844 was a difficult time in the history of the I and M canal.  Money for the project disappeared.  Contractors and suppliers were paid with script with a promise of cash at a later date.   Eventually worked stopped altogether.  During this time, Gooding was under pressure from local politicians.  He was blamed for all of the adversities occurring during this period. This despite the fact that most of these were not under his control.  Eventually, alternative financing was secured for the project and the canal was completed in 1848.  Despite this, Gooding was dismissed that same year by Illinois governor French.    However, the canal comissioners ( they apppreciated the work of Gooding) appointed him Secretary of the position.  This was an important job.  He held this until 1871.

     In this same year, Gooding was hired by the city of Chicago to help design a deep cut in the Summit division of the canal (ironically this was supposed to be the original design of the canal).    The purpose of this project was to reverse the course of the Chicago River and result in the Chicago sewage being sent down the canal and into the Illinois completed.  When the project was completed, two summit locks were eliminated.  

     Ultimately, this project proved to be inadequate for its stated purpose.  The result was the construction of the Sanitary and Ship Canal.  

     Gooding’s health failed in the 1870’s.  He died on March 4, 1878.  He left 2 sons and 5 daughters.  

 Grave marker William Gooding